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Space Jam: A New Legacy NBA athlete LeBron James forges an unlikely friendship with the Looney Tunes to overcome the shady Goon Squad basketball team after being trapped in a computer simulation of a basketball league by a nefarious artificial intelligence.
Candyman A "spiritual sequel" to the original film, returning the story of the Candyman to the now-gentrified section of Chicago that once held the Cabrini-Green housing projects. Although some behaviours are considered obviously discriminatory to all observers, some of most insidious discrimi- natory actions transpire in ambiguous or confusing situations e.
When determining whether an action is discriminatory or not, people often reflect upon a long list of questions: Downloaded by [University of Manitoba Libraries] at 04 September Who is doing the discrimination? Is the behaviour considered harmful and intentional? Is the possible discriminator a member of a respected or disliked group? Does the respon- dent think the victim deserves the discrimination? Clearly, the answers to such questions are sometimes dependent on the characteristics of individual observers, so it would be safe to assume that the measures of felt and enacted discrimination could have prob- lems with reliability and validity.
Future research should include a wider range of stress measures, including both subjective and objective methods. Furthermore, we used shortened measures of minority stress in order to reduce participant burden and increase the feasibility of the online survey. Future studies should be conducted to replicate our findings using measures that have more extensive histories of psychometric soundness. People may also differ in their definitions of what is rural or where the boundaries of centre cities and suburbs begin or end in large metropolitan areas.
Also, because place of residency is not always constant, a measure of current residency may not reflect the amount of exposure to minority stress in previous locations. Accordingly, some people may have been classified as urban, small town or rural, although the discrimination could have occurred elsewhere e. This study would also have been improved if we included a measure that distinguished bisexuals from lesbians and gays.
Although online surveys offered some advantages in the study of LGB populations, they are not without limitations. For example, our choice of listservs generated a higher proportion of respondents from some states Kentucky and Ohio. The use of an Internet- based survey may introduce other sorts of selection bias since computer usage can vary by age, social class and race. This study had a low percentage of African Americans and high percentage of Native Americans. Likewise, the use of Internet sources can underestimate the proportion of sexual minorities who are more concealed about their sexual orienta- tion.
Also, the use of listservs might influence the findings on community connectedness because everyone in the sample was at least connected to other LGBs through an elec- tronic network. The smaller sample size has also some limitations.
With a larger number of participants, we could have tested for interaction effects between our spatial factors, as the cell size was too small to permit statistical power to detect if rural or small-town Southerners significantly differed from metropolitan Southerners.
We do not consider this to be surprising; many factors in addition to location may affect exposure to minority stress that are not included in this study.
As a result, small to moderate yet statistically significant differences in minority stress exposure are of practi- cal significance, especially given that many of these differences remained significant after Downloaded by [University of Manitoba Libraries] at 04 September controlling for demographic and Socio-Economic Statuses SES factors.
Suggesting some possible extraneous factors, rural states produced more lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender LGBT hate crimes until one controls for poverty rates and the presence of gay—lesbian community centres Van Dyke et al. By being the first study to systematically examine the urban—rural continuum and exposure to minority stress, this study provides new insights into the relationship between the geo- graphical location and the lives of sexual minorities.
These findings certainly suggest that future research should interrogate some of the common assumptions about rural locations as toxic spaces for LGBs and urbanity as an idealised space for LGBs; our results suggest a more complicated picture. In addition, the assumption that the South provides a particu- larly hostile environment for LGBs was mostly supported, highlighting yet another regional risk factor for minority stress that future research should continue to investigate.
Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Bernadette Barton, Michele Fiore and Jessica Roe for their assistance in the gathering of data for this study. Note 1. His sexuality pub- lications explore the relationship between social hierarchies and sexual satisfaction for women as well as sexual prejudice among rural residents.
David M. His research focuses on how stigma, prejudice and discrimination constitute minority stress and, as a result, affect the health and well-being of marginalised individuals. He received his Ph. She also Downloaded by [University of Manitoba Libraries] at 04 September works as a practicing clinical psychologist specialising in sexuality, LGBTQ issues, gender identity and trauma recovery. References Adamczyk, A. Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context.
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